Diabetes combined with hypertension antihypertensive treatment

Diabetes and hypertension are endangering people's major non-communicable chronic disease, I owned nearly 200000000 of patients with hypertension and 92000000 patients with diabetes mellitus. About half of the patients with diabetes combined with hypertension, hypertensive patients approximately within 10 years there will be 40% of the patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetic patients if combined with hypertension, blood pressure control is closely related with the chronic complications of diabetes. We have analyzed 9258 cases of diabetes, according to systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels, grouped, systolic blood pressure from 90 to 230 mm per 20 mm Hg, Hg grouping; diastolic blood pressure of 60～ 120 mm Hg, mm Hg every 10 groups. As the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, coronary heart disease, nephropathy, diabetic fundus disease prevalence is markedly increased; good control of blood pressure in hypertensive patients with the diabetic vascular complications and prevalence rate of hypertension in patients with diabetes mellitus without obvious difference. This explains adequately, the uncontrolled hypertension accelerates the exacerbation of diabetic vascular complications and development. Hypertension for the effects of diabetic complications in diabetic complications in the course of development. Especially when diabetic patients with severe ocular fundus disease, nephropathy and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, blood pressure control is particularly important, its importance is not inferior to the high blood glucose control. According to the Chinese type 2 diabetes mellitus prevention guidelines, all blood pressure≥ 140/90 mmHg in patients with diabetes mellitus should persist in or improve health way of life based on the active use of antihypertensive drugs. The current commonly used antihypertensive drugs including angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors ( ACEI ), angiotensin receptor antagonist ( ARB ), calcium channel blockers ( CCB ), diuretics and beta receptor antagonists. Despite some antihypertensive agents may on glucose metabolism control brings adverse effect, but the author thinks, whether by any class of antihypertensive agents, make hypertension under control and that blood pressure is at or near the 130/80 mmHg is the most important. Of course, different classes of antihypertensive agents have different characteristics, some antihypertensive agents are more suitable for diabetes patients. ACEI and ARB are a drug class in treatment of diabetes combined with hypertension based drug. These two classes of drugs in blood pressure at the same time, also contributes to the improvement of glucose metabolism and reduces urinary albumin excretion, slow the progression of diabetic kidney damage in. Endothelial damage is diabetic and hypertensive vascular lesions of the pathophysiologic basis, these two classes of drugs can improve the function of vascular endothelial cells. Some patients taking ACEI a cough, especially in dry cough, cough can disappear after treatment with ARB. In recent years, a large international clinical pharmacological experiments confirmed, valsartan has reduce and delay the onset of diabetes, which further confirmed the previous report has ACEI, ARB drugs improve glucose tolerance function. CCB has antihypertensive and protection of target cell function. The last century 70 's and early 80's, have CCB after oral glucose tolerance abnormality and diabetic case report, but after so many years of clinical practice, CCB for glucose metabolism without adverse effects, and thus can be used to ACEI and ARB intolerant patients with diabetes combined with high blood pressure, used in single ACEI or ARB is not effective control of hypertension patients. This type of medication hypotensive effect is exact, can effectively reduce the rate of diabetes in patients with cardioembolic stroke events. CCB short-acting agents tend to cause fluctuations in blood pressure, currently advocates selecting effective CCB. Beta blockers have the exact hypotensive effect, however, this class of drugs on the glucose metabolism and lipid metabolic adverse effects, it is not appropriate as diabetic hypertensive patients preferred antihypertensive drugs. Beta blockers in diabetic patients complicated with hypertension adverse effects are mainly reflected in the following aspects: to increase the levels of triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, aggravates insulin resistance and clinical manifestation of obscure hypoglycemia. To have abnormal glucose metabolism in patients with essential hypertension, should not take this class of antihypertensive drugs. For the existence of sympathetic tone is too high, too fast heartbeat, coronary heart disease and heart failure patients, can be used in the ACEI basis, with this class of drugs. For 2-3 kind of other antihypertensive agents but not satisfactory control of hypertension, can also be added with this class of antihypertensive drugs. Long-term since, with a thiazide diuretic hypotensive are not as first choice, is the main diuretic for sugar, lipid and uric acid metabolism have adverse effects. These drugs and combined application of ACEI or ARB can avoid the adverse reactions and increase antihypertensive effect. A new class of antihypertensive agents such as indinavir diuretic indapamide is no obvious influence glycolipid metabolism. Thiazides for glycolipid metabolism and dose related, such as small dose≤ 25 MGD hydrochlorothiazide for glucose metabolism effect. In the application of ACEI or ARB or CCB to control hypertension, combined with low dose hydrochlorothiazide is safe and effective. Other antihypertensive drugs such as alpha blockers, central antihypertensive drug is not commonly used in patients with diabetes complicated with hypertension. The former is more suitable to be used with prostate hypertrophy in diabetic and hypertensive patients. And hypoglycemic drug combination, in patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension, especially the age, course of disease, there are a variety of diabetic chronic complications of diabetes mellitus patients complicated with hypertension, generally advocate using small dose of many types of antihypertensive drugs combined, this increase is not only decreasing pressure effect, but can also play complementary roles to avoid drug, single drug the side effects of large dose of. However, ACEI and ARB as basic hypotensor is global most diabetic hypertension experts recognized. For patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension, antihypertensive or just not enough. The ideal is to cardiovascular disease risk factors for multiple integrated control, such as high blood glucose, hypertension, hyperuricemia, high urinary albumin excretion, the occurence and development of cardiovascular diseases risk factors should be effectively controlled. Chinese Medical Association of cardiovascular science branch of the " Chinese guidelines for cardiovascular prevention " emphasizes the multiple cardiovascular risk factors in comprehensive control, this is particularly important for patients with diabetes mellitus. Domestic and international expert thinks generally, in diabetic patients with hypertension should be controlled below 130/80 mm hg. With severe kidney disease or diabetes, or in the acute phase of care or cerebrovascular disease patients, blood pressure control should it differs from man to man. Diastolic blood pressure below 60 mm Hg in patients with coronary artery disease, should be in close monitoring of blood pressure in the case of gradual realization of BP control. Excessive hypotensive risk. When the pressure drops to a certain degree, prone to cardiac and cerebral infarction.

Winter how to avoid hypertension

A person's blood pressure 24 hours a day is changing, blood pressure changes with the seasons and also to have the change, the summer low blood pressure, in the winter will rise some. Winter 's blood pressure will rise, is the body of the peripheral responses to environmental change, vasoconstriction can later be warm, reduce the heat, but vascular contraction can cause high blood pressure. Blood pressure every day to monitor In order to prevent the cerebral hemorrhage and hypertension caused by severe disease, hypertensive patients should be paid more attention in winter on blood pressure monitoring. Monitoring of blood pressure in hypertensive patients should every day. Many hypertensive patients will feel in the summer can not take medicine, or eat a kind of medicine for blood pressure lowering well. In the winter of high blood pressure, some patients may need to take medicine, or to eat before a delivery to a patient dose may be increased or eat two kinds of drugs. Overall blood pressure changes to discover, pay attention to high blood pressure monitoring, timely adjustment to the drug, to reduce cardiovascular risk. If the patient with their specific blood pressure do not understand the situation, can go to the hospital to do a 24 hour ambulatory monitoring, such as treatment and adjustment of drug to something more reasonable. A reasonable diet is the key Hypertension patients in daily life, should also pay attention to the following points: a reasonable diet, away from the " three-high " food. A large number of " 3 tall " ( high salt, high sugar, high fat) food intake, increased atherosclerosis. Therefore the winter to limit high food intake, eat black fungus, hawthorn, onion first softening blood vessels of food. Drink plenty of water, eat more fruits and vegetables. High blood viscosity is the cause of elevated blood pressure in a cause. Drink plenty of water, drink plenty of congee, eat more fruits and vegetables, to dilute the blood, to avoid the formation of high blood viscosity.

What to eat can effectively reduce blood pressure

Hypertension is many human diseases, whether old or young are having this problem, so we should pay more attention to it, but in our concern must also know what we eat can reduce blood pressure, below we will tell us what to eat what can effectively lower blood pressure. 1, watermelon For hypertensive patients, watermelon is undoubtedly the best food is buck, this is because in watermelon contains no benefit in hypertensive patients with healthy fats, but it contains a very conducive to lowering blood pressure and calcium and potassium and other trace elements. Especially in the hot summer, blood pressure in hypertensive patients is extremely unstable, by eating watermelon in addition to chase hot outside, also can help you quickly stabilize blood pressure. Treatment methods: watermelon juice 100 ml, 2 times daily drinking; or take watermelon skin 12-15 grams, cassia seed 10 grams, when the tea with fried. 2, garlic In the face of what to eat the blood pressure lowering, garlic is also a good choice, in garlic contains rich trace elements in patients with hypertension, it is very important, it has a very good therapeutic effect. Therefore, in patients with hypertension should actively use the hypotensive action of garlic, garlic effect not only on the treatment of hypertension that simple, relieving cough and asthma, on line water has a very good effect. Treatment method: the amount of sugar, garlic, vinegar for 7 days, when fasting before meals to eat 2-4 flap, and sweet and sour juice drink, take 15 days continuously. If you have high blood lipids, with garlic Daozhi, add appropriate amount of milk for oral, phlegm partial Sheng. 3, tomato Tomato body of our contribution is enormous, which also are hypertension aspects, its therapeutic role in hypertension should not be underestimated. The tomato contains a large number of nutrients, not only contains protein, vitamins, trace elements are also a lot of. Can see from this, tomato is the treatment of hypertensive vertigo, elevated blood lipids food. Treatment methods: Taking Red Tomato 1-2, the morning fasting for human consumption, 15 days 1 course. At the same time and high blood lipid patients can take red tomato 100 grams, wash jiashi. Tianma 10 grams, fried thick juice, two juice and then mixed evenly, clothes, 30 ml each time, 2 times a day. If there is the issue of hypertension in life, so we should eat the food, so that we can effectively guarantee the healthy, do not know you, is it right? Eat these foods?

The diet adjustment remission of essential hypertension in elderly

Study found that, the hypertension is more and more young, but the main group or the elderly, and the disease for the elderly health effects than young people a lot, so we should pay more attention to older people's eating habits, so older people how to adjust the diet can get alleviating hypertension? In 1 control of energy to control the staple food and fat intake, try to eat or not eat sweets, sweet drinks, fried foods high energy food. 2 reduce the cooking salt, eat less salt pickles and other types of food. 3 less fat and various animal fats, control of animal brains, roe high-cholesterol food. Edible oil soybean oil, peanut oil, try to use sunflower oil, vegetable oil. 4, eat more vegetables, fruits, especially dark vegetables. 5 appropriate increase seafood intake, such as kelp, seaweed, fish and other seafood. In fact, as long as the old man put above us to talk about the diet are carried out, so that we can ensure our health, do not know you learn not?

Diabetes combined with hypertension treatment guidelines

The IDF Conference on blood pressure control in people with diabetes to list a debate program, theme is whether blood pressure lowering in the better? Finally, many experts believe that, in patients with diabetes mellitus blood pressure control in 140/80mmHg, more appropriate. In order to strengthen the management of hypertension in patients with diabetes prevention and management of diabetes, realize multiple risk control, Chinese Medical Association endocrine credits will have also recently organized experts to develop the " consensus " in Chinese diabetic patients blood pressure management. Target blood pressure control Blood pressure control in patients with diabetes mellitus < 130/80 mmHg, combined with renal injury and proteinuria > 1 g/d, blood pressure should be less than 125/75 mmHg. Buck target must follow the principle of individualization in order to ensure the safety, especially for elderly patients. Treatment scheme Non drug therapy and drug therapy. Non drug therapy including weight control, diet ( especially salt restriction ), proper exercise, psychological treatment and quit alcohol limit. Antihypertensive drug therapy include the following. 1 renin angiotensin aldosterone ( RAS ) blocking agents Recommend angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ( ACEI ) and angiotensinⅡreceptor blocker ( ARB ) for diabetes with hypertension of initial antihypertensive drug or medication, but not recommended two were combined with. In the application of ACEI or ARB on the basis of diuretics, calcium channel blockers ( CCB ) and βreceptor blocker combined with proper. Diuretics in 2 Thiazide diuretics as patients with diabetes combined antihypertensive treatment options medication. Diabetes mellitus hypertension, high capacity of sodium and water retention and heart failure combined with a small amount of thiazide diuretics, on diabetes patients complicated with heart failure, severe edema may be appropriate to select loop diuretics, such as furosemide; as a combination, it is suggested that the application of low dose diuretics hydrochlorothiazide or Yindapa amine drugs. 3 calcium channel blockers CCB can be used as diabetic hypertensive patients can choose the combination antihypertensive drugs, especially for diabetes complicated with coronary heart disease, angina or previous myocardial infarction, may serve as the initial medication. CCB can reduce urinary protein, and ACEI or ARB combined effect is better. 4 adrenergic receptor blocker For patients with diabetes and hypertension, should not be non-selective beta-blockers as drugs of choice; for younger, faster heart rate,βreceptor Gao Min state, no other complications of diabetic hypertensive patients with myocardial infarction or angina and chronic heart failure may be appropriate. 5 receptor blockers Not recommended for routine use in diabetic hypertensive patients, only for severe or refractory hypertension complicated with heart failure and ( or ), diabetes, and patients with primary aldosteronism, in other antihypertensive drugs can effectively control the blood pressure or patients cannot tolerate the selection.

Hypertension patient diaries

" This month is measurement of blood pressure in 57, diastolic blood pressure on the low side appeared 10 times, respectively is 50 mm Hg, 55 mm Hg, 50 mm hg ... ... Hypotension numbers are a bit more, need to adjust the dosage. " After listening to these words, you might think is a doctor for patients to explain the condition, but in fact, this is a hypertensive patients to physician narratives of their illness, and he is based on the hands of the thick " diary " of hypertension. " Diary of hypertension patients have many advantages, mainly in four aspects. " Beijing An Zhen Hospital department director Yu Zhenqiu said of hypertension. Timely monitoring of blood pressure, peak value Blood pressure of human body has two peak periods, respectively, and 6 points to 8 points. This time, occurs readily in patients with abnormal blood pressure, and this period patients and is often not in the hospital, cannot get effective monitoring. Therefore, if the patients can these blood pressure values recorded, for the doctor to make accurate judgments be of great advantage. Objective, avoid follow the feeling For many patients, the nervous system of the body has become somewhat " numb ", therefore, patients sometimes feel with actual measurement results from. Therefore, if the visit by subjective " follow the feeling ", will give doctors to provide objective information, so that the doctor can not tailored to the patient's objective selection of treatment scheme. Accurate adjustment of medication, more scientific The doctor will according to the patients with blood pressure status on medication adjustments. For example, in patients with previous use of short-acting antihypertensive drugs, if adjusted for long-acting drugs may exhibit elevated blood pressure period. Therefore, if the patients can take the blood pressure values recorded, is convenient for the next visit the doctor on before the adjustment is proper to make accurate judgments. Save time, improve the efficiency of diagnosis and treatment If the patient is able to write diary by hypertension doctors to provide accurate and complete information, so to improve the service efficiency, saving valuable medical resources, on the other hand, the doctor also can provide more scientific diagnosis and treatment. Tips Hypertension journal focus in mind? Each patient was different, hypertension diary records the content are not the same. But the principle is to focus on the recording of " emptiness " blood pressure values -- early, late 6 points to 8 points in the two period. These data on physician to make an accurate diagnosis is very important. In addition to blood pressure values, patients can also record their own diet and exercise status, especially the body does not appear to, for example, eating what food, what movement after the appearance of the fluctuations in blood pressure, should be promptly recorded, these data will give doctors provide very valuable reference.

Blood pressure levels forget to look up the renal function

Data shows, suffer from hypertension 5, after 10 years, may have a mild to moderate renal artery sclerosis, resulting in renal ischemia, atrophy, and even cause renal failure. When severe, even do the dialysis or transplantation. But mild, patients do not show overt nephropathy symptoms, only by microalbuminuria detection index, in order to see abnormalities. Hypertensive nephropathy age is in more 40, 50 years of age or older, a history of hypertension for 5 - 10 years, men more than women prone. Hypertensive renal injury incidence and severity of hypertension and duration are closely related. If accompanied by diabetes, hyperlipidemia and hyperuricemia, will further aggravate the kidney damage. It is noted, many patients with chronic kidney disease also could fail to develop to need dialysis condition due to cardiovascular complications and death. So, the expert prompts, treatment of cardiovascular disease cannot be ignored in treatment of nephropathy kidney, but also pay attention to the cardiovascular. According to the statistics of nephropathy in 80% would lead to lead to a variety of cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial hypertrophy, coronary heart disease, pericarditis. Patients with chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease mortality than normal subjects up to 100 times higher. The reason, hypertension is the most important one of the arch-criminal. From this perspective, " protect the kidney, the rescue of the heart ", control of blood pressure is very important. In recent years, renal Department of internal medicine doctors especially emphasize the control of blood pressure, because it can not only significantly retard or reduce renal damage probability and can reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular complications. Expert proposal, hypertension, metabolic diseases, must strengthen the prevention, control, check regularly, keep food alert signal, reasonable step-down the four kidney protecting wall. Signal alert nocturia increased Long term hypertension renal small blood vessels are damaged, causing renal tubular dysfunction, caused by the increase in nocturnal. And this is an important signal of hypertensive nephropathy. Once the patient night more than two or three times, and even reached five or six times, will rush to the hospital urine microalbuminuria, often can discover abnormal, the suggestive of renal function has been slightly damaged, requiring treatment. Therefore, hypertensive patients should pay more attention to their urine, such as the appearance of blood in the urine, foam, urinating more often and other abnormal, require extra vigilance. Check regularly do urine test The first discovery of hypertension, must do a comprehensive inspection, especially accompanied by diabetes, coronary heart disease, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia and gout patients, clearly there is no renal injury. Hypertension patients should also have regular urinalysis. If the initial examination of renal function, found no abnormalities of the glomerular filtration rate, a year to do a urine routine and microalbuminuria detection. If the glomerular filtration rate change, according to the situation, shortening the examination frequency, such as the early half a year in a check, further deterioration would need 3 to 6 months for a check, and regularly to monitor renal function renal Department of internal medicine. " Diet to eat more tofu and fish Salt intake and blood pressure closely related. Prevention of hypertensive nephropathy, salt restriction is the priority among priorities, the daily intake of 6 grams of the following control. In addition, if there are already renal injury, be under the guidance of a doctor to control protein intake. Because the protein intake is too high, will increase the burden on the kidneys, thereby aggravate the kidney damage; if inadequate intake, it will affect the body's supply of nutrients. Therefore, patients should be based on the renal status determines protein intake: no significant impairment of renal function, protein intake control in about 50 grams per day; if abnormal, protein intake should be reduced to 20 - 40 grams daily. Hypertensive nephropathy patients should eat more rich in high quality protein and vitamin food, such as fish, eggs, lean meat, tofu, bean products. Eat more foods rich in potassium, fruits and vegetables, such as tomatoes, celery, watermelon. In addition, still should quit alcohol limit. Many drinking can increase the decomposition of proteins, increased blood urea nitrogen content, alcohol causes elevated serum creatinine will increase the burden on the kidneys. Often people who smoke, have increased renal vascular blood viscosity, reduced blood flow, increased renal ischemia and hypoxia. Treatment of blood pressure reduction of point At the same time, hypertension and nephropathy in whom, should choose those who can effectively decrease blood pressure, but also can protect the kidney drugs, such as the ACEI and ARB classes of antihypertensive agents, decreased urine protein, thereby protecting the heart. Because, clinical research confirms, albumin levels, and the incidence of cardiovascular events are proportional to. Hypertensive nephropathy, both nephropathy induced by hypertension, or hypertension induced nephropathy, step-down pressure standard to a more strict. Experts point out that, in patients with hypertension blood pressure should be controlled at 140/90 mmHg, but as with kidney disease ( including diabetic nephropathy ), blood pressure should be again low, control in 130/80 mmHg; if the older patients, systolic blood pressure may be appropriate to relax, maintained at around 150 mmHg is also ok.

Hypertensive patients with as little as possible driving car

With the explosion in the number of motor vehicles and cardiovascular disease is young change, many drivers have different degree of hypertension, even more so and the risk of heart disease, stroke, died while driving.
When driving, the high concentration of attention, especially on the freeway, sustained tension can stimulate the sympathetic nerve activity, resulting in increased blood pressure, vascular spasm contraction, reduced blood flow increased myocardial ischemia and hypoxia. Road congestion, the mood of people easily agitated, overtaking, encountered illegal, not anger from the heart, blood poured into the heart, blood pressure suddenly rises, at this point I am afraid to get up early for the antihypertensive drugs are pressed by the rise of blood pressure. In addition, in cars, a lot of people depend entirely on the car, and even go out to buy a bag of Yandu drive, walk and even surpass the 500 step. If things go on like this, the legs into the basic " disuse " state, prone to leg aging, more serious is the lower limb blood flow to the heart is lack of power, the heart needs to spend more effort to complete the blood circulation of lower limbs. Driving is due to always maintain a kind of posture, slow blood flow are particularly vulnerable to long thrombosis. If the lower extremity venous thrombosis occurs, once thrombus shedding it may cause fatal pulmonary embolism.
So, we should pay attention to in hypertensive patients? First of all, less driving a car, as far as possible to shorten the time of continuous driving, every two or three hours to rest at least 10 to 15 minutes, and timely replenishment of water. Second, in the poor road conditions, road traffic to avoid when angry, can sing, listen to soothing music. Sing out loud can enhance gas exchange, providing more oxygen to the heart and lungs. In the traffic jam is serious, bad air circulation place, opened a small window, a large number of tail gas emission of the harmful gases may be on the vascular irritation, causing vascular spasm, induced heart disease. In addition, the number of weekly driving time control drive, preferably not more than 3 days. If in the car on the way there dizziness, chest tightness and other symptoms, to timely stop the vehicle in the safety zone, dial 120 for help. Finally also remind hypertension, weekday should measure blood pressure frequently, regular use of antihypertensive drugs.

What are the early symptoms of hypertension?

According to the onset and progression of urgency, can be divided into slow progressive and radical type, in order to ease into the type.
One, chronic hypertension.
( a ): early manifestations of early asymptomatic, occasional examination found increased blood pressure, or tension, emotional or feeling dizziness, headache, fatigue, insomnia, vertigo, tinnitus, inattention symptoms such as fatigue, may be advanced mental dysfunction. Early blood pressure only temporarily elevated blood pressure rising, with disease progression, organ involvement.
( two): headache, dizziness, common brain. Much as emotional, excessive fatigue, climate change or discontinuation of antihypertensive drug induced. Rapid elevation of blood pressure. Severe headache, visual disturbances, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, coma, transient hemiplegia, aphasia and other
( three) the cardiac manifestations: early, cardiac functional compensation, the symptom is not apparent, later, cardiac decompensation, heart failure.
( four): long-term renal manifestations of hypertensive renal arteriolar sclerosis. Renal insufficiency, can cause nocturia, polyuria, urine protein, tube type and red cell. Urinary concentrating function low, phenol red excretion and urea clearance disorders. Emergence of azotemia and uremia.
( five) arterial changes.
( six) the fundus changes.
In two, malignant hypertension: also known as malignant hypertension, hypertensive disease accounts for 1%, by creep feed type sudden change and come, can also attack. Malignant hypertension may occur at any age, but to a maximum of 30-40 years old. Obvious increase of blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure in 17.3Kpa ( 130mmHg ) above, asthenia, thirst, polyuria and other symptoms. Eyesight to drop quickly, fundus retinal hemorrhages and exudates, often with bilateral papilledema. Rapid onset of proteinuria, hematuria and renal insufficiency. Can also occur due to heart failure, hypertensive encephalopathy and hypertensive crisis, in the course of rapid died of uremia.
Hypertension stage:
The first phase of hypertension: blood pressure levels, clinically inadvertent, brain, kidney damage.
Phase second: blood pressure of hypertension, and following a person physical examination, X-ray, ECG, or ultrasound heartbeat graphic left ventricular enlargement. The fundus examination, fundus artery general or local stenosis. ③proteinuria or plasma creatinine concentration increased slightly.
Phase third: blood pressure of hypertension, and one of the following persons; cerebral hemorrhage or hypertensive encephalopathy. In heart failure. Kidney failure. The fundus bleeding or exudation, with or without papilledema. ⑤angina, myocardial infarction, cerebral thrombosis.
Different populations of hypertension:
Pediatric hypertension: primary hypertension in children is rare, about 20% ~ 30%, but in recent years has increased; secondary hypertension is more, occupy 65% ～ about 80%. In pediatric patients with secondary hypertension, renal diseases accounted for 79%, followed by cardiovascular disease, endocrine diseases, neurological diseases and poisoning.
PIH pregnancy induced hypertension syndrome: namely, also ever said toxemia of pregnancy, preeclampsia, is pregnant the unique conditions, the majority occurred at 20 weeks of gestation and two weeks postpartum, accounting for about 5% of all pregnant women.
Systolic hypertension in the elderly: is 60 years of age or older with systolic blood pressure above the normal level and normal diastolic pressure, is an independent of the type of disease, is the occurrence of cardiovascular disease in the elderly and the independent risk factors for stroke, is affecting the health of the aged critical illness.
Primary and secondary hypertension:
Primary hypertension: hypertension is divided into primary and secondary two classes. In the vast majority of patients, hypertension of unknown etiology, referred to as essential hypertension, total hypertension 95% above.
Secondary hypertension: secondary to other diseases. The most common was made by renal and adrenal diseases, as well as endocrine hypertension.

what reason causes Hypertension?

Hypertension of unknown etiology, and pathogenesis related factors
The 1 Age : incidence has increased with the growth of age trends, 40 years old of above person high incidence.
2 salt: salt intake is high, high incidence of hypertension, has thought that salt <2g/, almost no hypertension; 3-4g/, the incidence of hypertension in 3%, 4-15g/ days, >20g/ days 33.15% incidence, morbidity rate of 30%.
3: the high incidence of weight in obese subjects.
4 genetic: about half of hypertensive patients with family history.
5 the environment and occupation: there is noise in the work environment, excessive tension of mental labor are prone to hypertension, city of hypertension incidence is higher than that of rural areas.
Blood pressure regulation mechanism
Many factors can cause high blood pressure. The heart pumps blood capacity of strengthened ( such as cardiac contractility increases etc.), make every second to pump blood to increase. Another factor is the main artery of loss of normal elastic, become rigid, when the heart pumps blood, can not effectively expansion, therefore, each stroke to pump blood through the narrow space than normal, leading to elevated pressure. This is caused by atherosclerosis hypertension occurred in the arterial wall thickening and becoming stiff older reason. Due to nerve and blood hormone stimulation, systemic arterioles can be temporarily shrinkage also raises blood pressure hypertension. May lead to elevated blood pressure third factors are the circulating liquid capacity increase. This is common in kidney disease, kidney is not fully excreted from the body of salt and water, the body to increase blood volume, leading to increased blood pressure.
Conversely, if the heart pumps blood capacity restriction, vascular dilatation or excessive loss of body fluid, can lead to a drop in blood pressure. These factors mainly through the kidney function and autonomic nervous system ( nervous system automatically regulating body function of many changes to the control part ).